COVID-19 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Coronavirus?

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in birds, animals or humans. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause mild to severe respiratory infections, ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The most recently discovered novel coronavirus, scientifically named SARS-CoV2, causes coronavirus disease or COVID-19 in humans.

What is novel coronavirus?

A novel coronavirus is a new type of coronavirus that has not been previously identified. The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes the ‘coronavirus disease 2019’ (COVID-19), is not the same as the coronaviruses that were involved in previous disease outbreaks (SARS and MERS) or commonly circulate among humans and cause mild illness, like the common cold.

What is COVID-19?

COVID-19 (CoronaVIrus Disease 2019) is the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus known with the scientific name, SARS-CoV2. This coronavirus and the associated disease were unknown before the outbreak that began in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019.

What are the other names of SARS-CoV2?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the scientifically accepted name as per WHO guidelines. This coronavirus was initially called ‘2019-nCoV’ and various news media often call it as ‘COVID19 virus.’

Is COVID-19 the same as SARS?

No. Although both diseases are caused by the viruses belonging to the coronavirus family, the virus that causes COVID-19 and the one that caused the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 are quite different. The 2003 SARS outbreak was more deadly, but much less infectious than COVID-19.

What do you mean by incubation period?

The “incubation period” means the time between exposure to an infection and beginning or manifestation of symptoms and signs of the associated disease.

How long is the incubation period of COVID-19?

The estimates of the incubation period for COVID-19 range from 1–14 days, most commonly around five days.

What are the symptoms of COVID-19?

The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are:

• Fever
• Tiredness, and
• Dry cough
Other symptoms that are usually mild and begin gradually, include:
• Aches and pains,
• Nasal congestion,
• Runny nose,
• Sore throat
• Diarrhea.

Some people become infected but don’t develop any symptoms and don't feel unwell. Most people (about 80%) recover from the disease without needing special treatment. Some COVID-19 cases may become seriously ill and develop difficulty in breathing. Individuals with poorer or compromised immune system, such as older individuals and those with a pre-existing medical condition, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, or diabetes, are more likely to develop more serious forms of COVID-19.

I have COVID-19 symptoms, what should I do?

Immediately call the toll-free helpline number ‘1075’ or ‘+91-11-23978046.’ For a list of State-wise list of helpline numbers, please see the last FAQ on this webpage, or visit: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/coronvavirushelplinenumber.pdf
PLEASE NOTE: People with symptoms, such as fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, should seek immediate medical attention.

How does COVID-19 spread?

People can catch COVID-19 from others who are infected with the virus. The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person through small droplets from the nose or mouth when a person infected with COVID-19 coughs or exhales. These droplets land on objects and surfaces around the person. Other people touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or mouth can get the infection. People can also catch COVID-19 if they breathe in droplets from a person with COVID-19 who coughs out or exhales droplets.

Can the virus that causes COVID-19 be transmitted through the air?

Studies to date suggest that the virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through contact with respiratory droplets rather than through the air. However, it is advised to stay more than 3–6 feet away from a person who is sick.

How long does the virus survive on surfaces?

It is not certain how long the virus that causes COVID-19 survives on surfaces, but it seems to behave like other coronaviruses. Studies suggest that coronaviruses may persist on surfaces for a few hours or up to several days. This may vary under different conditions (e.g. type of surface, temperature or humidity of the environment). If you think a surface may be infected, clean it with simple disinfectant to kill the virus and protect yourself and others. Clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water. Avoid touching your eyes, mouth, or nose.

Can COVID-19 be caught from a person who has no symptoms?

The risk of catching COVID-19 from someone with no symptoms at all is very low since the disease spreads through exhaled or coughed droplets. However, many people with COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms. This is particularly true at the early stages of the disease. It is therefore possible to catch COVID-19 from someone who has, for example, just a mild cough and does not feel ill. People are thought to be most contagious when they are the sickest.

Can I catch COVID-19 from the feces of someone with the disease?

The risk of catching COVID-19 from the feces of an infected person appears to be low. While investigations have found the virus in faecal samples in some cases (Wu et al., 2020), faecal-oral spread is not a main feature of the outbreak. However, since there is a possibility of unconfirmed risk, however, it is advisable to clean hands regularly, after using the bathroom and before eating and generally keeping the household, especially the toilet clean. Also, a toilet should be used since open defecation poses risk for a host of diseases.

Can humans become infected with COVID-19 from an animal source?

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are common in animals. Occasionally, people get infected with these viruses which may then spread to other people. For example, SARS-CoV was associated with civet cats and MERS-CoV is transmitted by dromedary camels. Possible animal sources of COVID-19 have not yet been confirmed. To protect yourself, such as when visiting live animal markets, avoid direct contact with animals and surfaces in contact with animals. Ensure good food safety practices at all times. Handle raw meat, milk or animal organs with care to avoid contamination of uncooked foods and avoid consuming raw or undercooked animal products.

Can I catch COVID-19 from my pet?

While there has been one instance of a dog being infected in Hong Kong, to date, there is no evidence that a dog, cat or any pet can transmit COVID-19. COVID-19 is mainly spread through droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. To protect yourself, clean your hands frequently and thoroughly.

Is it safe to receive a package from any area where COVID-19 has been reported?

Yes. The likelihood of an infected person contaminating commercial goods is low and the risk of catching the virus that causes COVID-19 from a package that has been moved, travelled, and exposed to different conditions and temperature is also low. However, avoid touching your eyes, face, and mouth while handling anything that is brought from outside. Also, it is good practice to frequently wash hands thoroughly, especially after handling such items.

Are patients with heart disease, diabetes or hypertension at increased risk to get coronavirus infection?

No, people with hypertension, diabetes or heart diseases are at no greater risk of getting the infection than anyone else.

Among people with above diseases is there an increased risk of severe illness or complications once infected?

The majority (80%) of people diagnosed with COVID-19 will have mild symptoms of a respiratory infection (fever, sore throat, cough) and make full recovery. Some of the people with diabetes, hypertension, and heart diseases may develop more severe symptoms and complications. Therefore, extra care is advised for these patients.

Are people with diabetes more prone to COVID-19?

In general, people with uncontrolled diabetes are at increased risk of all infections. These people do not have a higher risk of acquiring the infection, but once infected, they are prone to more severe form of COVID-19 and more likely to have poorer outcomes than an otherwise healthy person who gets infected. Follow healthy diet and exercise routine (to the extent possible), take prescribed medications regularly and test the sugar levels frequently to keep diabetes under control. When diabetic patients become sick, they may require frequent monitoring of blood glucose and adjustment of drugs including insulin, small frequent meals and adequate fluids.

What can I do to protect myself and prevent the spread of COVID-19?

The virus is transmitted through the respiratory route, i.e. through small droplets that are expelled when someone sneezes or coughs. These droplets can hang on to surfaces, such as the surface of someone’s hand or doorknobs or rails i.e. anywhere where people tend to touch. From there, little droplets carrying the virus can be transferred to your mouth and lungs.
Follow the following practices to prevent infecting yourself and others with COVID-19:

Social distancing

• Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.
• Stay at home as much as possible. If lockdown has been advised by the Government of India, strictly follow it. Only step out of the house when it is absolutely necessary. Keep in touch with friends and relatives using phone, internet, and social media.
• Avoid touching possibly contaminated areas/objects – Public toilet doors, door handles etc.
• Avoid all crowded places and gatherings.
• Maintain at least 3–6 feet distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.

Hand and personal hygiene

• Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub/sanitizer (at least 60% alcohol) or wash hands with soap and water for at least 20–30 seconds and clean all parts of your hands.
• Wash your hands often, especially after going to the bathroom, before eating, and after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing.
• Avoid handshakes.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth.
• Make sure that you, and the people around you follow good respiratory hygiene. This means covering your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then dispose of the used tissue immediately.
• Stay at home if you feel unwell. If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention and call in advance.
• If you are feeling unwell, then isolate yourself in your house until you have sought medical attention. Stay away from other family members in the house to avoid the risk of infecting them.
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using a regular household cleaning spray or wipe.
• Use disinfectants appropriate for the surface. Most common EPA-registered household disinfectants will work. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for all cleaning and disinfection products (e.g., concentration, application method and contact time, etc.).

Travel advisory

• Follow the travel advisory from the Government of India.
• Avoid non-essential travels.
• Avoid the use of public transport.
• If you have recently travelled to a place where COVID-19 outbreak has occurred, then self-isolate by staying at home and seek immediate medical attention if you begin to feel unwell, even with mild symptoms such as headache, low grade fever (37.3 C or above) and slight runny nose.
• If it is essential for you to have someone bring you supplies or to go out, e.g., to buy food, then wear a mask to avoid infecting other people.
• If you develop fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical advice promptly as this may be due to a respiratory infection or other serious condition. Call in advance and tell your provider of any recent travel or contact with travelers.

Can disinfectant sprays or wipes be used on my skin to prevent spread of COVID-19?

No. Always follow the instructions on household cleaners. Do not use disinfect sprays or wipes on your skin because it may cause skin and eye irritation. Disinfectant sprays or wipes are not intended for use on humans or animals. Disinfectant sprays or wipes are intended for use on hard, non-porous surfaces.

Should I wear a mask to protect myself?

Only wear a mask if you are ill with COVID-19 symptoms (especially coughing) or looking after someone who may have COVID-19. Disposable face mask can only be used once. If you are not ill or looking after someone who is ill, then you are wasting a mask. WHO advises rational use of medical masks to avoid unnecessary wastage of precious resources and misuse of masks.

How to put on, use, and take off a mask?

Remember, a mask should only be used by health workers, care takers, and individuals with respiratory symptoms, such as fever and cough.

• Before touching the mask, clean hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water
• Take the mask and inspect it for tears or holes.
• Orient which side is the top side (where the metal strip is).
• Ensure the proper side of the mask faces outwards (the coloured side).
• Place the mask to your face. Pinch the metal strip or stiff edge of the mask so it moulds to the shape of your nose.
• Pull down the mask’s bottom so it covers your mouth and your chin.
• After use, take off the mask; remove the elastic loops from behind the ears while keeping the mask away from your face and clothes, to avoid touching potentially contaminated surfaces of the mask.
• Discard the mask in a closed bin immediately after use.
• Perform hand hygiene after touching or discarding the mask – Use alcohol-based hand rub or, if visibly soiled, wash your hands with soap and water.

Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19?

No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses, they only work on bacterial infections. Antibiotics should not be used as a means of prevention or treatment of COVID-19. They should only be used as directed by a physician to treat a bacterial infection.

Are there any medicines or therapies that can prevent or cure COVID-19?

While some western, traditional or home remedies may provide comfort and alleviate symptoms of COVID-19, there is no evidence that current medicine can prevent or cure the disease. WHO does not recommend self-medication with any medicines, including antibiotics, as a prevention or cure for COVID-19. However, there are several ongoing clinical trials that include both western and traditional medicines.

Is there a vaccine, drug or treatment for COVID-19?

Not yet. To date, there is no vaccine and no specific antiviral medicine to prevent or treat COVID-2019. However, those affected should receive care to relieve symptoms. People with serious illness should be hospitalized. Most patients recover thanks to supportive care. Possible vaccines and some specific drug treatments are under investigation. They are being tested through clinical trials.

What is the difference between ‘isolation’ and ‘quarantine’?

According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, isolation and quarantine are public health practices used to protect the public by preventing exposure to people who have or may have a contagious disease.
Isolationseparates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick.
Quarantineseparates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick. These people may have been exposed to a disease and do not know it, or they may have the disease but do not show symptoms.

How is a person quarantined?

You may be quarantined in rooms that the government has arranged, to reduce your contact with others who are not infected and prevent the disease from spreading to people around you.
Self-quarantine: If there is a possibility that you came in contact with someone who later tested positive for COVID-19, you may be asked to ‘self-quarantine’, which means that you will be required to stay at home or in any other place where your access to other people can be properly limited.
Quarantine ensures that your physical contact with others is minimized. The health authorities will ensure that the state of your health is monitored and that you will be released from the quarantine requirement if you test negative at the end of the quarantine period, which is typically two weeks long. There is no need to be afraid of quarantine. At most, being deprived of the sorts of physical and social contacts that we are used to experiencing can be a bit disorienting. However, a well-designed quarantine facility will ensure that you can safely communicate with family and friends.

What is an epidemic?

In simple terms, epidemic of a disease means an increase in the number of cases of a disease in a particular population above what is normally expected.

What is a pandemic?

A pandemic means an epidemic that has spread to multiple countries or continents, therefore impacting large number of people.

What is community transmission?

In the context of COVID-19, it could be understood as the occurrence of COVID-19 cases that do not have a history of travel to an affected country and has contracted the disease through domestic sources

What does ‘flattening the curve’ mean?

In the context of Covid-19 pandemic, ‘flattening the curve’ means strategies to limit the peak or maximum number of daily cases. A sudden and rapid rise in the number of daily cases may lead to a shortage of medical and healthcare resources, such as hospital staff, number of beds, number of ventilators and emergency care units. The aim of flattening the epidemic curve is to keep the number of daily cases to a manageable level, so that the healthcare infrastructure and medical providers do not get overwhelmed.

Where can I find up-to-date information and advisory on COVID-19?

The most up-to-date information and announcements about the COVID-19 outbreak can be obtained from the ‘Ministry of Health and Family Welfare’ website maintained by the Government of India: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/

Where can I learn about the global situation and trends of the COVID-19 outbreak?

The World Health Organization (WHO) has a dedicated website to provide periodic updates about the global status of the COVID-19 outbreak: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019

Where can I find scientific research articles to learn more about SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19 outbreak?

Various reputed scientific journals are providing free access to full-text articles on the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the prestigious scientific journals and their dedicated COVID-19 websites are: -
The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus
The New England Journal of Medicine: https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus?query=main_nav_lg
Science: https://www.sciencemag.org/coronavirus-research-commentary-and-news?intcmp=ghd_cov
Springer Nature: https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus

What if I have COVID-19 symptoms?

If you have COVID-19 symptoms, immediately call the following helpline numbers provided by the Government of India:
Toll-free helpline number: 1075
Central helpline number: +91-11-23978046
State-wise helpline numbers provided on the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare website (Government of India) are as follows: